Talk:Content

From Digital Libraries - Fall 2009

Daisie's Life

Topics for the website:

• About this Site/Project
• Help Section
• DMH's Boston:

  Boston History (individual page)

  Musical Performances & Theaters in Boston (individual page)

• DMH's Simmons:

  History of Simmons (individual page)

  LS Education at DMH's Simmons (individual page)

• DMH Biography:

  early days - Helyar's Vermont (individual page)

  early days - her time at Simmons/in Boston (individual page)

  later life - North Bennet Street School (individual page)

  later life - Brattleboro & the Brooks Library (individual page)

• From the scrapbook:

  Valentines (individual page)

  Transcribed Songs (individual page)

  Scarlet Fever (individual page)

  Great Chelsea Fire (individual page)

• Teaching/Interactive Resources:

  MA State public school curriculum - where does our project fit?

  Possibly include an interactive map - Database will use DC metadata to do this; ideally it would also pinpoint some of the theaters frequented by DMH, but that depends on whether they have time for this.

A note on names:

The spellings "Daisy" and "Daisie" are both frequently used. People who knew her as an old woman called her "Daisie." "Daisy" is used in her yearbook. Sometimes her middle initial is used, sometimes not. Let's decide to use one name consistently for before her marriage and another for after her marriage.

• Daisy L. Miller until 1912 (marriage)
• Daisy M. Helyar after 1912

Either last name can be used for the title of the website. We just want to be as consistent at possible. People should also make sure that they are spelling "Helyar" correctly! --Burke9 08:27, 30 October 2009 (EDT)

UPDATE: In emails and conversation, Content and Marketing have decided to go with Daisie M. Helyar throughout the site and project - this choice was based on the name used by the Simmons Archives and DACS standards for names and name changes.--Burke9 08:52, 2 November 2009 (EST)

Notes on our progress:

Please use the APA citation format.

Contents 1 About this Site/About the Project - Annie/Liz 2 Help - Annie/Liz 3 Biography: North Bennet Street School - Sarah 4 Biography: Brooks Memorial Library - Sarah 5 Valentines - Sarah 6 Scarlet Fever - Sarah 7 History of Simmons - Liz 8 Contemporary (to DMH) Library Science Education, Her Teachers &c - Liz 9 Helyar's Vermont - Annie 10 Transcribed Songs - Annie 11 Helyar's Interest in Music: Performances, Theaters &c - Annie 12 Boston History - Annie 13 Great Chelsea Fire 14 MA State Curriculum - Sarah 15 Other sources

[edit] About this Site/About the Project - Annie/Liz

• Will want to use this page to give users an idea of who the class members are, what the teams were, what the project entailed, and how the project fits into the larger Notable Women project.
• The Olive Ruby Henty page gives an initial idea of what we could do with this.
• Will want to talk with other teams about what they did, and include summaries on this page.
• Possibly also include technical specs about the scanning and the types of images produced
• Annie will take photographs of our classmates Thursday, 11/5.

[edit] Help - Annie/Liz

• Will at least in part be determined by the finals site and by usability testing
• Still, we can get an idea of what we'll need by looking at the Olive Ruby Henty Help page.

[edit] Biography: North Bennet Street School - Sarah

• Today I went to the Schlesinger Library at Harvard to look at some materials related to the North Bennet Street School.
• The North Bennet Street Industrial School (Boston, Mass.) Records, 1880-1973
• Call No. MC 269, Series I (annual reports) and Series VI (photographs)

1. North Bennet Street Industrial School Annual Report 1911-1912, MC 269, Series I, box 1:

• (She is not mentioned in the annual reports from the year before or from the year after.)
• p. 5: under "Library," DMH is listed as "Miss Daisy L. Miller, Temporary Head Librarian, in charge of Reading Rooms"
• p. 7: "Miss Daisie Miller" listed as a "Volunteer Assistant in Social Work"
• p. 12: the library consisted of "two reading rooms and delivery station"
• The annual report includes an entry on the library, which seems to have closed during the year that Daisy Miller was head librarian in order to be replaced by a local branch library.
• photos b/w pp. 44-45; one shows a library reading room full of children and a long line of children at the circulation(?) desk, captioned "For several years the demand put upon the library has been so great that these quarters have been totally inadequate to meet it." ; second photo shows a door from the street, captioned "The completion of the branch library marks the culmination of a work to which this school has contributed much money and much constructive effort during the past twenty years."
• p. 45: 1885 "private children's reading room and circulating library" including delivery of books from the BPL; "attendance and circulation increased steadily"; 1911-1912 completion of a BPL branch library in the North End
• pp. 45-46: "The growth of the library proved the essentially social nature of library work, especially in a foreign quarter."
• p. 46: "In the spring of 1910, the need of larger rooms was evident, and at a meeting of citizens to propose the needs of the North End ... the need of a branch library was urged by the custodian of the delivery station."..."In the spring of 1911, it was agreed that the North End should make the library building its sole request at the Mayor's meeting..." - successful request.
• p. 47: work of the NBSIS library included reading groups for boys and girls, talks by city officials, dramatic enactments of "approved stories," encouraging "good habits of reading"
• p. 48: also held story hours "once a week from November to April"..."After the story many books on the subject of the hour were given out. this work will be continued by the Public Library."

2. The North Bennet Street Industrial School: A Report for 1913 (Boston: McGrath & Woodley, 1913). MC 269, Series I, box 1:

• p. 46: re. the library, "In March, 1913, this department was taken over by the city and removed to the new branch library for the North End."

3. Photographs of the NBSIS library are NOT available in Harvard's image search engine, VIA - though it does have many photos showing the neighborhood and the work of the school. The archives have some photographs not available online. The photographs I looked at are all from around the time that DMH worked there. An early one, from 1905, shows the "Old Boys Reading Room," with just boys seated at the tables. Another photo, from ca. 1911-1912 (it is used in that year's annual report), shows boys and girls seated together in one room; a sign on the wall mentions the "Girls' Room Up Stairs." Other photos show another reading room full of women. The reading rooms are are well-lit spaces with long wooden tables and hardwood floors. Paintings and photographs are hang above bookshelves along the walls. In each reading room there is a circulation desk where a woman fields requests from patrons. These photographs all come from MC 269, Series VI, folder 12.--Burke9 17:39, 21 October 2009 (EDT)

[edit] Biography: Brooks Memorial Library - Sarah

I have been in touch with Jeanne Walsh, Reference Librarian at Brooks Memorial Library in Brattleboro, VT. She kindly sent me some materials from their flat files that mention DMH, who was a librarian at that library. She has requested that we credit the library in this manner: "courtesy of Brooks Memorial Library, Brattleboro, Vermont." She would also like to print off some pages from our website to keep in their files.

Obituaries, Brattleboro Reformer, October 29 1976:

• "Mrs. John P. Helyar"

  born in Brattleboro, October 5 1888

  married August 14 1912, husband died 1956

  "For many years Mrs. Helyar was a librarian here at Brooks Library and the West Brattleboro Branch Library."

  "...was a former trustee of Brattleboro Free Library"

  survived by 2 sons, 2 daughter, 10 grandchildren; another son died in WWII

  "In lieu of flowers, contributions in Mrs. Helyar's memory may be made to West Brattleboro Library"

West Brattleboro Branch Library [sound recording] : oral history. 1995, 1994. 4 sound cassettes : analog + 1 transcript (14, 9, 13, 10 leaves ; 28 cm. + 1 computer disk (3 1/2") Interviews with: Margaret and Richard Helyar (Aug. 24, 1994), Katherine Geehr (Oct. 13, 1994), Calista Kristensen (Oct. 18, 1994), and Eunice Harrison (Oct. 22, 1994) interviewed by Christina Gibbons and Helene Henry.

Interview with Katherine Geehr by Christina Gibbons and Helene Henry; October 13 1994

• "Q: So you remember the library in the old building?"

  "A: Oh, yes, I do. It was in the basement of the old building, and in the beginning, we had no librarian, so the principal of the school oversaw the collection that we had and the distribution of the books. But, before very long, Daisy Helyar came to be our librarian, and she moved with us to the new building and became the librarian of the branch library there for many years, very interested in all of the students and in the work they were doing, and in the teachers. She was a fine citizen and a wonderful librarian. After her death, Calista Kristensen came to be our librarian and we've been very happy with her."

Oral Interview with Eunice Harrison November 22, 1994: Conducted by Christina Gibbons

• "EH: ...I applied for the job at the encouragement of Mrs. Helyar, who was very much interested that I take the job. But at the time I was on the Board of Trustees at the library, so it meant that I must first resign from them before I could apply for the job. Which I did. She was, without doubt, my inspiration, because I think she had the richest collection of books that she had assembled over the years. Can I talk about her for a few minutes?

  "CG: Oh, please do."

  "EH: She was a person that not only knew her business, but loved books and authors and was a great, in depth, reader of all kinds of things. On her fingertips she could have exactly what you wanted. She was really wonderful and I had gotten to be a very good friend of hers through the years. When I went to the West Brattleboro library, it was like no other library. It was a combination of school and library, school and public library. And it worked very much that way; it wasn't just every once in a while school. It was every day school. We had classes from 1:00 to 3:00 coming in each week with the teachers. The other grades came in by twos from each grade for a certain length of time allowed by the teacher. Grades K-3 came as classes; 4-6 by twos or alone." [I think that "1:00 to 3:00" ought to read 1 to 3, to refer to grades, not to times of the day.]

later in the interview:

• "EH: We're talking about between '68 and '73 -- about that period in there. We did have a few more people from Melrose and Garfield at that time who walked up to the library. They were vigorous enough to do that. I don't remember the names; we had the usual people who were -- had been devoted to Daisie Helyar -- kept coming back. She had a certain good following, among the children, she was wonderful with the children. She always had stories to tell about the town and about what they were studying and things. She really was a marvelous person; I'd say she was Mrs. West B. But, now where are we?

  "CG: Well, just tell me about Daisie Helyar. Did she have a good sense of humor or..."

  "EH: Yes, she did. She had a very good sense of humor, and she was -- a slightly dry sense of humor, you would say, but a good sense of humor. She just was a nice person, an inspiring person to talk to if you loved boks, that's for sure."

  "CG: She left the library because it became time to retire?"

  "EH: Yes, she was well into her 80s, I think, when she retired, or became 80, certainly."

Interview with Calista Kristensen by Christina Gibbons; October 18 1994

• "CK: ...Mrs. Helyar was something; she was...

  "Q: Do you remember her?"

  "CK: Oh, very well. Oh, yes."

  "Q: Do you want to tell us some stories about her?"

  "CK: Well, she loved Boch Beer and every spring Alice Chapman and I would buy the Boch Beer and go see Daisy and sit on her back porch -- not every spring, probably, but many, and the fall I got the job, I went -- the summer I got the job, I guess I started in June, I went to see her and she said, "Calista, if there is any way I can help you, I'd be happy to." And she would have, she was a grand old girl. I stopped in to see her another time and I said, "I'm on my way to market, is there anything I can do for you?" And she said, "yes, take me with you." So we went out to lunch, I took her to the market, and that was the last time I saw her. She died in October, 18 years ago this month."--Burke9 15:07, 27 October 2009 (EDT)

[edit] Valentines - Sarah

Staff, F. (1969). The valentine and its origins. New York: Praeger.

• an 1847 shipment of Valentines from London to Boston: "A. S. Jordan , No. 2 Milk Street, respectfully informs his friends that he has received by the above steamer, the greatest assortment of Valentines to be found in Cupid's regions, among which may be found the following kinds: Comic, Sentimental, Lovesick, Acrostic, Funny, Burlesque, Curious, Characteristic, Humorous, Beautiful, Heart-struck, Witty, Arabesque, Courting, Serio-Comical, Bewitching, Poetical, Heart-rending, Love-encouraging, Trifling, Caricature, Heart-piercing, Serio-tragical, Laughable, Silly, Spiteful, Original, Enlivening, Heart-aching, Despairing, Raving-Mad, Heart-killing, High-flown, Lampooning, Romantic, Look-out, Proposal, Espousal, Matrimonial, Hen-pecking, Suicidal, and many other varieties." (83)

• "...American valentines of the 1860s to 1880s period are recognisable at once from those of English manufacture, whilst those of a later date, still following this traditional form of assembly begun by Esther Howland and George Whitney, differ even more so." (98)

• late 19th century England: "The small Christmas cards now so very popular, obviously pointed the way to smaller-sized valentines, which would fit conveniently into normal sized envelopes. This in no way led to any reduction in the beauty or amount of decoration." (99)

• major American valentine manufacturers included George C. Whitney and Louis Prang (108)

• 1870s, 1880s: "At this time there was already a perceptible decline in the popularity of valentines, more so in England than in America, and this would account for the market in the mechanical and trick types of valentines which catered more for younger people and for children. Comic valentines, too, were commonly vulgar and compared unfavourably with the general good taste of the Christmas card." (110)

• Concern expressed at an 1884 meeting in London of the Company of Old English Valentine Makers that the practice of valentine exchange was declining. "Among other points the leaflet proclaimed that the tradition of sending love tokens was not dead, but much alive, and described how in the United States the valentine trade was very flourishing." Description of typical American valentines of the 1880s and 1890s, by manufacturers such as the McLoughlin Brothers of New York.

• criticism of 1890s valentines: "Ugly valentines will always exist. Besides, it is the age of cheapness, and four colours will produce wonders,as any practical printer knows...and, as human nature is human nature, the ugly valentine will always flourish. Sold in conjunction with sweet-stuff, cheap walking-sticks, and ginger-beer, it can even hold its own against low-priced packets of cigarettes and lower-class weekly journals, at least for the time being" (115)

• "With the new century, about the only valentines which were being bought and used to any considerable extent were those printed as postcards." ..."These German-made valentine postcards were exported not only to England but also to America where there was far more demand for them. In America, the custom of giving valentines had not lapsed as in Britain"... "The picture postcard valentine flourished in America, if the large numbers preserved in old postcard albums are any criterion, the heyday being the period 1907 to 1914, when the outbreak of war hampered the export of cards from Germany." (118)

• re. a 1920s revival of English valentines: "No such revival took place in America - for none was needed. The custom persisted, largely helped by the schools, which were instrumental in no small way in keeping alive the memory of the saint." (120) --Burke9 08:53, 27 October 2009 (EDT)

Shell UK Limited. (1995). The valentine 1830-1960: From the Shell Art Collection. Newtown: Oriel 31.

• 19th century England: "Apart from the romantic sentiment behind the valentines they were also valued as attractive and collectable pictorial imagery. Throughout the nineteenth century a number of albums were collected chromolithographic scraps, greeting cards, coloured music sheet covers, cuttings from Illustrated London News and Punch, embossed millinery labels as well as personal inscriptions, poems and watercolours. The albums themselves, some of which were leather bound, finely tooled with a gold clasp, indicate something of the value attached to the mass-produced imagery contained in their pages." (18)

• "Furthermore valentines for much of the nineteenth century had been the only form of greeting card, and were given by lovers, friends and children, but after the 1860s they rapidly lost ground to the fashionable Christmas card and from the 1890s the more universal picture postcard. Many manufacturers were forced to close business and the small number of of survivors concentrated on their US markets and the colonies. In fact some of the colonies provided a large amount of business. Australian gold miners were considered among the best customers, even ordering boxed valentines up to two feet long (an example of which is in the Museum of London). Exports to America had continued throughout the century and into the next." (18)

• "In 1910 the Evening News reported that a merchant from Chicago had ordered that year 5 million valentines, weighing 200 tons and packed in 6000 cases."--Burke9 08:53, 27 October 2009 (EDT)

Lee, R. W. (1953). A history of valentines. London: B.T. Batsford.

[edit] Scarlet Fever - Sarah

• from Annie:

"The source where I found the information about scarlet fever was "Forty Years of Boston: A Memorial Volume" compiled by the Subcommittee on Memorial History in 1932. The call number for Simmons Library is F73.3 .B818 1932. It was listed in the way back of the book under major events for each year - in this case, 1910." Boston Tercentenary Committee, Herlihy, E. M., Leahy, W. A., & Winsor, J. (1932). Fifty years of Boston; A memorial volume issued in commemoration of the tercentenary of 1930.

• NYT archived articles:

many outbreaks in the late 19th century, cure developed in mid-20th century 1896 concern that s.f. could be spread by sharing books, 1903 research, 1907 breakout in Boston, 1907 research into transmission via milk, 1913 epidemic at Smith

• Harvard Crimson archived articles:

Scarlet Fever at Yale in 1891, 1924 quarantine at Wellesley, epidemics and quarantines in 1916, death of student in 1897, http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=398297 baseball team outbreak in 1915], 1908 article addressing rumors "No Cause for Alarm", many mentions are in the context of sports reporting - regarding whether Harvard teams or other schools' teams will be able to compete

• Hemenway, H. B. (1907). "The relation of a Scarlet Fever Epidemic to the Milk Supply." JAMA 43 (11): 960-961.

"As a matter of information you may be interested in knowing why the Evanston Branch of the Chicago Medical Society unanimously passed a resolution stating that in the opinion of its members almost the sole source of contagion in the recent epidemic of scarlet fever was infected milk."

• No Author (1907). "Scarlet Fever and Milk." JAMA 48 (7): 612.

"There can be no question that scarlet fever is commonly spread by what is more or less loosely denominated "contact," a term applied to fairly close proximity to persons suffering from the infection, or to clothing and other articles handled by or brought into the neighborhood of the patient or convalescent. Other modes of dissemination, however, must not be overlooked. It has been asserted by the daily press of Chicago that the recent extension of scarlet fever in that city has been due, in part at least, to infected milk, especially in the suburb of Evanston, where it is claimed that a fairly direct connection has been shown between the use of milk distributed by a particular company and the appearance of cases of scarlet fever. "

• Eyler, J. M. (May 1986). "The epidemiology of milk-borne scarlet fever: the case of Edwardian Brighton." American Journal of Public Health 76 (5): 573-584. Available here.

• No Author (1910). "Scarlet Fever in Boston and Vicinity." The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 162 (17): 582.

"Scarlet Fever In Boston And Vicinity. — For the past week there has been a decided increase in the usual number of cases of scarlet fever in and about Boston. It is supposed that the spread of the disease has been due to infected milk provided by one contractor. There have been many cases in adults, and the disease is of a mild form." Available here.

• Rosenau, M. J., Whipple, G. C., Trask, J. W., & Salmon, T. W. (1921). Preventive medicine and hygiene. New York and London: D. Appleton and Co.

Available here. 222-223: "Milk-borne Scarlet Fever.—Milk is a rather frequent vehicle for scarlet fever infection. The milk is practically always contaminated from human sources. There is, however, some suspicion that streptococcal diseases of the cow may in some instances be identical with scarlet fever. This is doubtful. It is believed, however, that some diseases of the udders of the cows may cause outbreaks of an infection resembling scarlet fever. Trask collected 51 scarlet fever epidemics reported as spread by milk. Twenty-five of these occurred in the United States and 26 in Great Britain. In 35 of the epidemics a case of scarlet fever was found at the producing farm, the distributing dairy, or milkshop at such a time as to have been the possible source of infection; in 3 of the outbreaks the bottles returned from infected households and refilled without previous sterilization were given as the source of infection; in 3 of the outbreaks of scarlet fever persons handled the milk or milk utensils, and in 12 of the outbreaks the cows were milked by persons having scarlet fever; in one epidemic the same person nursed the sick and handled the milk; in 5 of the outbreaks the source of infection was supposed to be due to disease of the cow. A milk-borne outbreak in Washington was traced to a convalescent with a discharging ulcer on the finger. Milk-borne outbreak of scarlet fever are sometimes very extensive.

An unusually extensive milk-borne outbreak of scarlet fever occurred in Boston during April and May, 1910. A total of 842 cases wer reported from Boston and the surrounding towns of Chelsea, Winthrop, Cambridge, Somerville, Malden, and Everett. Investigation showed the most of the cases occurred on the route of a large milk contractor. Of the 409 cases in Boston, 286, or nearly 70 per cent., were on the route of this dealer; while 123, or 30 per cent., used other milk. Of the 15 cases that occurred in Cambridge, 126, or over 80 per cent., were on the route of the same dealer. About the same proportion of the cases in the other cities used the milk of this dealer. The cases appeared suddenly April 25th, and the outbreak ceased May 7th. The epidemic reached its highest mark on April 29th, when 128 cases were reported. The indications were plain that the outbreak was the result of more than a single infection. The milk was pasteurized at 60° C. for [??] minutes on April 27th, and three days following there was a notable and sharp decline in the number of cases. The source of the infection could not be traced, although it probably consisted of a "missed" case on one of the 250 dairy farms from which the dealer obtained this particular supply of milk."

223: "Prophylaxis.—Prophylaxis in scarlet fever must necessarily be in excess of .the requirements, awaiting more precise knowledge of its cause and modes of transmission. The essential features of prevention consist in isolation and disinfection. It is important to recognize the mild cases in schools through an efficient medical inspection. The answer to the question whether schools should be closed when scarlet fever breaks out varies with the circumstances. In country districts this is advisable, as the children may be kept separate, but in the cities little is gained. Better results may often be achieved by daily inspection of all pupils tban by closing the school. All members of the household, where a person is ill with scarlet fever, should be excluded from school until one week has expired from the last possible exposure, unless immunized by a previous attack of the disease. All other members of the household may be allowed io continue their usual occupations except those engaged in handling milk. Patients with scarlet fever should be cared for in hospital. There is no objection to treating a case of scarlet fever in the household, provided a suitable room and trained attendant may be had. The infection may be confined to the sick room, but it is preferable to take no chances and send the susceptible individuals out of the house. The nurse should use the precautions described for diphtheria, smallpox, or measles. The physician should wear a gown and thoroughly disinfect his hands and other exposed parts after the visit. Special care must be token with the thermometer and other instruments. The physician may find the necessary precautions and disinfection to be irksome, but they should not be shirked in justice to his other patients and the community."

UVA article on scarlet fever. And the Wiki article.

[edit] History of Simmons - Liz

Mark, K.L. (1945). Delayed by fire being the early history of Simmons College. Concord, N.H.: Rumford Press.

[edit] Contemporary (to DMH) Library Science Education, Her Teachers &c - Liz

Van Slyck, A. A. (1995). Free to all: Carnegie libraries & American culture, 1890-1920. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

American Library Association (1903) Library Journal,28, p 624, 791.

[edit] Helyar's Vermont - Annie

Green Mountain Chapter Alpha Zeta Fraternity (now: [1]) "Smuggler's Camp" November 3, 1907

[edit] Transcribed Songs - Annie

Tune: Dartmouth ah Dartmouth

Hail all hail, the class of 1910 Hail!

Sophomores ah sophomores

We'll win the day

3 cheers for 1910

Sing to her for aye

Rah! rah! rah!

We're out for tennis,

Ours is the game;

All the girls may play to the end,

But sophomores win!

Tune: Strike up the band

Strike up the band, then cheer your loudest

Racket in hand she'll do her proudest

Cheer for old '10

Cheer, cheer again

For we're the class that beats 'em all at tennis.

Tune: Here's to the land that gave me birth

A cheer for the class of 1910

And for the girl we trust

Playing her best for the class to-day:

win the game she must

So with your hearts and courage high

Into the game and win!

We're watching you with anxious eye

For the honor of 1910.

Tune: My wife's Gone to the country

My name is on the card list

Hurrah, hurrah

They put it there and it looked fair

That I would go away

I asked her what the trouble was

She sighed and said

"To class" you were one second late

Oh! How unfortunate.

[edit] Helyar's Interest in Music: Performances, Theaters &c - Annie

The best reference so far is: http://www.bostonathenaeum.org/node/224 (Boston Athenaeum website on Theater History)

I had a document form with notes on each theater that DMH visited and I will upload it in its final form.

Subcommittee on Memorial History. (1932). Forty Years of Boston: A Memorial Volume. (Simmons F73.3 B818 1932)

Boston Symphony Orchestra, conductor Dr. Karl Muck came in 1906 for 2 years. Then, Max Fiedler arrived, who was more popular with the audience for his balanced repertoire of classical and modern music. (326)

Boston did not have an opera of its own until 1909 when the New Opera House opened. (328)

On The Stage in Boston (research specifics if attended) (391 - 401)

1909: New Museum of Fine arts building opened on 479 Huntington Ave. to the public on November 15th.

Boston Opera Co. is founded on November 8th by Eben D. Jordan but disbanded after several years.

1910: Boston Opera House is completed on December 12th and becomes home of the Boston Opera Company.

[edit] Boston History - Annie

Subcommittee on Memorial History. (1932). Forty Years of Boston: A Memorial Volume. (Simmons F73.3 B818 1932)

Between 1880 and 1920 the # of women of Greater Boston classified as engaged in "trade" increased by 248%, especially in two new fields of dentistry and professional nursing. The greatest area of increase was in clerical work, up 523%, due to the typewriter. (633)

Source also contains basic Boston information (mayor, anniversaries, fires, etc...) on pages 730 - 732.

1908: Typhoid Fever outbreak from March to May; April 12th is the Great Chelsea fire (city largely destroyed...?)

1909: New Museum of Fine arts building opened on 479 Huntington Ave. to the public on November 15th; Boston Opera Co. is founded on November 8th by Eben D. Jordan but disbanded after several years; "Christmas Storm" on December 26th has heavy snow and gales, with the highest tides in 1851, that cause an estimated $5,000,000 in damages.

1910: Population @ 670,585; Boston Opera House is completed on December 12th; Scarlet Fever prevalent in the Spring; Columbus Day made a legal holiday

Allison, R. (2004). A Short History of Boston. Beverley: MA: Commonwealth Editions.

p. 116 - 117

1906 - Suffolk University is founded.

1909 - Edward Filene opens the "Automatic Bargin Basement" aka Filene's!

Brown, R. & Tager, J. (2000) Massachusetts: A Concise History. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.

Great urbanization occurred in the 20th century - huge population rises in Boston, Worcester & Springfield. By 1920, Massachusetts largely urbanized with 95% of its population living in urban areas. (244)

From 1900 - 1919 still was on the major industrial states of the nation, especially with textiles and shoes; its port was the 2nd most important in the country & leading port in value of its fish trade.

This large increase in labor force was brought on by internal rural-to-urban migration & rising European/Canadian immigration, kept wages low so the industry could prosper.

pg. 248 Under the pressure of an intense job market in a declining economy, ethnic awareness, & solidarity was heightened (on why there was gang warfare)

[edit] Great Chelsea Fire

DMH has a souvenir book (with information, photos and captions) on this event that took place while she was living in Boston.

Source: Clark, M. H. (2004). Chelsea in the 20th Century. Great Britain: Arcadia Publishing.

Entire Chapter 1 entitled "Fire!" and on this subject.

pg. 9 "As far as one could see lay nothing but a barren waste, with here and there the ragged walls of a church or school standing out against the sky like the ruins of some old castle." (quote from eyewitness John P. Nolan, dated April 13th, 1908

Call came at 10:44AM and it started at 241 2nd St. on April 12, 1908. A spark from the wind caused the small fire to quickly spread and since many of the houses were still built from wood, they went up like matchsticks.

pg. 11 It was also Palm Sunday so this may attribute to why the death count was only 19 but since everyone was gone, the fire destroyed more than 2,800 buildings and nearly "500 acres of the small city burned." (CPL)

pg. 14 The total fire loss an estimated 17 million. Also, the Old Chelsea Bridge went up in flames.

Photos from the disaster look like a bombed city during wartime.

[edit] MA State Curriculum - Sarah

[edit] Other sources

Post, E. (1922). Etiquette in society, in business, in politics and at home. New York: Funk & Wagnalls Company. Retrieved November 12, 2007, from www.bartleby.com/95/

Simmons College. (1910). Microcosm 1910. Andover, MA: Andover Press.